{"id":291,"date":"2009-12-31T23:46:39","date_gmt":"2009-12-31T22:46:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/?p=291"},"modified":"2012-04-14T19:17:16","modified_gmt":"2012-04-14T18:17:16","slug":"trzeci-eszelon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\/en\/2009\/12\/31\/trzeci-eszelon\/","title":{"rendered":"The Third Echelon"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- \t\t@page { size: 21cm 29.7cm; margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } \t\tA:link { color: #0000ff; so-language: zxx; text-decoration: underline } --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Jeff Nyquist kindly responded to my previous article with splendid divagations around the importance of common usage when confronted with soviet strategy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">It seems to me that our recent exchange [1] opened up three wide areas of disagreement.  First is focused on semantics but, as I see it now, the difference between us is much more fundamental than just our attitude to the semantic obliteration of opposition as a major plank of communist tactics.  It actually touches upon the all important question of purpose.  Why are we doing this?  Why do we bother?  Why do we engage in this polemic?  Why are we holding on to views, which will not bring us any joy or recognition, and are only likely to be met with a dismissive sign of the forefinger touching the forehead?  If \u201ccommon usage\u201d, thoughtless multitude and even intelligent people, all conspire to see us as crackpots \u2013 why inconvenience ourselves to that extent?  What for?<!--more--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Secondly, there is the <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>Russian vs. soviet<\/em><\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> controversy, which I perceive to be at heart of understanding communism.  And lastly, there is a small problem with interpretation of what Nyquist refers to as \u201cpositive developments in Poland, Georgia and Ukraine\u201d.  These are quite separate subjects so, at risk of boring my esteemed opponent to distraction, I will endeavour to elaborate on these points in wider context and in separate articles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">I believe the last point to be the least important so let\u2019s start there.  Contrary to Nyquist\u2019s suggestions, I do not claim superior knowledge about what actually is happening anywhere.  I don\u2019t have any secret sources close to the centre of strategic deception, which impart superior insight to me.  \u201cEx-kgb officers\u201d do not routinely come to me to bend my ear.  All information at my disposal is in public domain.  All facts I know, are also known to Nyquist so, bearing in mind that we both claim to use the same methodology, i.e. a rational and logical analysis of facts along the lines demonstrated by Anatoly Golitsyn, it is somewhat disconcerting that our interpretation of events in Ukraine, Georgia and Poland differs to such an extent.  Allow me to quote an example of the kind of analysis I have in mind, as presented interestingly by HL Shancken, an American blogger, some time Guest on The Final Phase Forum and a self-confessed admirer of Mr Nyquist:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">\u201c<span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">1. Yushchenko was poisoned with dioxin. He got the second-largest dose ever recorded, and he, like the woman who got the highest dose, lived. Dioxin is known as a non-lethal poison.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">2. The dioxin poisoning was the second attempt on the life of Yushchenko. The first attempt involved the use of an automobile.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">3. The KGB, given its demonstrable historical expertise in the area of assassinations, should have been able to easily and successfully assassination of Yushchenko. The fact that both attempts were unsuccessful indicates to me that all was staged, including the Orange Revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">4. Yushchenko\u2019s face, made hideous for a time by the dioxin, no longer shows any effects of the poisoning. He has made a full recovery.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">5. Saakashvili was educated in the United States in the 1980\u2019s. What type of police state allows average, unconnected citizens to travel to the country that is their Main Enemy and be educated as they please? We all know the answer to that is that the idea is absurd on the face of it. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">6. Saakashvili could easily have been assassinated by now. Recall the incident where he had Russian machine guns trained on him at a checkpoint he visited after the Russian invasion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm; line-height: 115%;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">7. Yushchenko and Saakashvili are KGB. I do not believe that either man has defected from the KGB, because if they had, they would be dead.\u201d [2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">That is indeed well said.  Let us however, not accept anything at face value, let\u2019s be more critical, perhaps after all Nyquist is right in his contrary interpretation.  Clearly, the fact that someone survived an assassination attempt in the hands of people usually efficient in this field, cannot as such be enough to condemn the survivor as the agent of these murderers; so perhaps the conclusion above is a little too hasty.  It surely can\u2019t be enough to condemn him when looked at in isolation but in the context of Yushchenko\u2019s policies, in light of his past and his present, it appears to me logical to be at least suspicious of him.  Moreover, it seems reckless and foolhardy to infer anything from the behaviour of such a man, let alone that \u201cthe soviet fabric is weakening\u201d.  Nyquist meanwhile, saw fit to pronounce: \u201c<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do not despise humble beginnings. Did you know? The president of Ukraine will not go to Moscow.\u201d  And?  What of it?  I can see the beginnings here \u2013 that much at least is certain.  The humble beginnings of an inevitable slide into the trap of soviet deception.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Rather than rejoicing in Yushchenko\u2019s travel arrangements I think Golitsynian approach dictates extreme caution here because it seems perfectly plausible \u2013 if unproven \u2013 that kgb is building up the image of Yushchenko as an independent force for their own use in the future.  If in the process they also managed to fool some of the most consistent exponents of Golitsynian methodology, so much the better for them.  But also so much the worse for us because even if Yushchenko is a genuine anti-communist leader who miraculously survived an evil attempt on his life, than the reaction to his alleged heroics from no other but JR Nyquist would surely demonstrate to the kgb how to plant a believable stooge in the future.  Actually, this is only wishful thinking on my part \u2013 they know it already.  They did it very successfully many times before.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Saakashvili, Georgia and the whole of Caucasus is a more difficult case.  Let me perhaps approach it from a different angle.  Almost two decades ago Fran\u00e7oise Thom formulated the theory of the \u201csecond echelon of soviet leaders\u201d, people like Nazarbayev, Aliyev, Shushkevich, Kravchuk, Shevardnadze and, in my opinion, Yeltsin (although Thom did not include him in the group).  These were politburo members who were designated to safely take over power in soviet republics thus facilitating the main tenet of the Grand Deception \u2013collapse of the soviet union.  I would hazard a guess that one of their most important tasks was to create a \u201cthird echelon\u201d, a new generation of leaders who could take over from them and perpetuate the same fiction.  Georgia \u2013 where Shevardnadze was so sure of his position that he allowed power to slip out of his hands in the early Nineties, and then had to regain it in a bloody conflict \u2013 was particularly important as far as smooth transition was concerned.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Yushchenko and Tymoshenko, Saakashvili and Zhvania (who died in suspicious circumstances), Putin and Medvedev, with all their squabbles, appear to be not much more than the \u201cthird echelon of soviet leaders\u201d.  Naturally, and as always is the case whenever we are dealing with deception on such scale, it would be very difficult to prove this but let\u2019s have a closer look anyway. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">So firstly, is there any doubt that Saakashvili started out as one of Shevardnadze\u2019s man?  By all accounts, Shevardnadze hand-picked a handsome young lawyer with pretty foreign wife, as his successor.  Saakashvili then picks up a fight with Shevardnadze\u2019s cabinet about corruption but is neither sacked nor silenced; instead, he resigns in 2001 to form his own party, allegedly in opposition to his mentor.  This fully conforms to the pattern of \u201cfalse opposition\u201d, as we observed it in many countries before, when a manufactured quarrel leads to a split and a formation of false opposition.  By the way, the same process can be currently observed again, being repeated with utmost precision in Iran.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Saakashvili was far too close to Shevardnadze for comfort so his position needed to be strengthened and what can be better than a little war with the almighty neighbour to enhance new leader\u2019s standing?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Antoni Macierewicz, however, is surely not a member of the \u201cthird echelon\u201d.  He is one of the very few politicians in Poland who consistently opposed communists throughout his life.  I will not recount his remarkable career here; suffice it to say that I know whose walkie-talkie was used to spring him out of his place of internment (but I shan\u2019t tell).  He was strongly opposed to the infamous \u201cround table talks\u201d organised in secret by the \u201cdemocratic opposition\u201d and sb (Polish arm of the kgb), which resulted in renaming of the soviet \u201cpolish people\u2019s republic\u201d, as \u201cthe third republic\u201d.  And yet, when in 1991, Jan Olszewski, one of the participants of round table talks, was asked to form new government, Macierewicz agreed to serve as minister of the interior.  He immediately set out to expose the communist past of people in high places in this \u201cnew Poland\u201d and Olszewski\u2019s government was promptly brought down in a parliamentary coup led by the resident \u2013 oops! sorry: \u201cpresident\u201d \u2013 Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Clearly, Macierewicz\u2019s intentions were good.  Demonstrably, he is \u201con our side\u201d.  But should he not be a little bit more careful who he associated himself with?  Olszewski had impeccable socialist credentials; he was a classic \u201crevisionist\u201d, someone who wished to improve the soviet system not to destroy it.  (I will not defile these pages by writing more about Wa\u0142\u0119sa.)  Well, let\u2019s suppose that I am a cynic and that I would have said that anyway, whilst an active politician, like Macierewicz, could legitimately have made a mistake in assuming that it was possible to expose the \u201cnew Poland\u201d as a sham from within government\u2019s institutions.  Fine, I accept that and would not hold it against him \u2013 after all, he did prove the nature of the beast in 1991.  But to repeat the same mistake 15 years later is a bit too much, isn\u2019t it?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">My bone of contention with Macierewicz, with regards to his publishing Golitsyn, is that it again perpetuates a lie.  Namely, this is a new, free Poland, where even Anatoly Golitsyn could be published, and not merely a continuation of a soviet creature.  And look, even JR Nyquist thinks it is amazing.  Besides, when one accepts Golitsyn\u2019s views on staging of the \u201ccollapse of communism\u201d malarkey, how could one willingly work for the institutions of state created in that exercise?  However it may be, Nyquist is either misinformed or something was truly lost in translation if he ever thought that we we<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">re \u201cdetermined to alienate those who published Golitsyn in Polish because they refer to Russia instead of the Soviet Union\u201d.  That is rather silly from start to finish, it is a conjecture without any basis in fact \u2013 but I guess we couldn\u2019t expect any better were anyone trying to comprehend our <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>Open Letter<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to Macierewicz with the help of mechanical translators\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">In his rush to prove that the main threat facing us is Russian rather than communist, Nyquist wrote an astonishing line. <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Poland, he says, \u201cwill be trampled by Russian boots\u201d.  I really don\u2019t think you are right here, Mr Nyquist.  \u201cThere\u2019s enough native skunk,\u201d as a poet said after the introduction of the martial law in 1981.  The subjugation of Poland was completed by Polish hands \u2013 hands of Polish communists \u2013 and it was the same just about anywhere (which is exactly why equivocation of <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>Russia<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>communism<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is so wrong).  After all, weren\u2019t Bierut, Gomu\u0142ka, Gierek, Jaruzelski first and foremost Polish patriots?  They would indeed do anything in their power to prevent \u201cintervention\u201d by the closest neighbour.  And the neighbouring superpower acquiesced.  Soviets happily facilitated Gomu\u0142ka with sufficient <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>kudos<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> from the alleged spat with Khrushchev \u2013 which actually never happened but was enough to build a myth of the first secretary of the communist party as a \u201cPolish patriot\u201d.  They eagerly helped Jaruzelski by conducting military manoeuvres close to the \u201cPolish border\u201d (which in fact was only an internal demarcation line) in 1981.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">It is interesting to note that in today\u2019s Poland, which inspires Nyquist with so much hope of \u201c<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">progressive weakening of the hidden Soviet structures\u201d, 44% of Poles believe that Jaruzelski was right to introduce martial law.  Another poll in 2005 showed that 46% of Poles believed Jaruzelski acted to prevent soviet intervention and a further 9% thought he was trying to save the integrity of Polish state.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Yes, it is true that there are large areas of agreement between Nyquist and us here, in <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>The Underground<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">.  Yes, we too believe that there are strong soviet structures in Poland \u2013 and in the Ukraine, and Georgia etc. etc. \u2013 we just can\u2019t agree that they are hidden.  In fact, they are visible to the naked eye.  However, the main tool of soviet control throughout the soviet bloc always has been and always will be the deep rooted <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>sovietisation<\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of the population at large.  Sovietisation, which started with the appalling terror of Forties and Fifties, and after most of the potential enemies were eliminated, evolved into the second phase, introducing the idea that Polish communists are Poles first and commies only a distant second.  This idea was accepted by large parts of the populace in 1956 when a million people spontaneously applauded Gomu\u0142ka in central Warsaw.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">I strongly believe that the successful deception played out by Khrushchev in Warsaw was the starting point for formulating the Shelepin plan.  But to understand that, one has to read <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>The Triumph of Provocation <\/em><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #222222;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">and since it is now available in proper, i.e. not mechanical, English translation, one has no excuse for one\u2019s ignorance.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Anyway, communism with patriotic face was not introduced by Gomu\u0142ka, not even by Tito.  It was Lenin and Trotsky who appealed to the patriotism of Russian officers and called them to defend the Fatherland in the face of foreign intervention.  It was Stalin who created the laconic formula of a state \u201cnational in form and socialist in substance\u201d.  And this leads me nicely to my next subject: Russian or soviet?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">___________________<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">1. \tSee also: <\/span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/en\/2009\/11\/30\/english-poland-as-a-front-line-state\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Poland as a front line state?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Jeff Nyquist, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/en\/2009\/12\/03\/english-semantic-liquidation-of-the-opposition\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Semantic Liquidation of the Opposition<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/en\/2009\/12\/14\/english-the-unbearable-weight-of-semantics\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">The Unbearable Weight of Semantics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">Jeff Nyquist, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/en\/2009\/12\/16\/english-common-usage-in-strategy-and-tactics\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Common Usage in Strategy and Tactics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.42cm;\" align=\"LEFT\"><a href=\"..\/en\/2009\/12\/16\/english-common-usage-in-strategy-and-tactics\/\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">2. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span lang=\"zxx\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">http:\/\/wydawnictwopodziemne.rohnka5.atthost24.pl\/en\/2009\/12\/16\/english-common-usage-in-strategy-and-tactics\/#comments<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\"> Comment dated 20.12.09.  I\u2019m not sure the author is correct \tregarding Saakashvili\u2019s \u201ceducation in the US in the 80s\u201d.  As \tfar as I know he studied in Kiev and in France and went to the US \tonly in the Nineties.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeff Nyquist kindly responded to my previous article with splendid divagations around the importance of common usage when confronted with soviet strategy. It seems to me that our recent exchange [1] opened up three wide areas of disagreement. First is focused on semantics but, as I see it now, the difference between us is much [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-michal-bakowski","category-trojkatna-konstelacja"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Wydawnictwo Podziemne - The Third Echelon - Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski, Tr\u00f3jk\u0105tna konstelacja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\/en\/2009\/12\/31\/trzeci-eszelon\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"24 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f8e7f00fb6bbcbd9bc0efebcf0817a2\"},\"headline\":\"The Third Echelon\",\"datePublished\":\"2009-12-31T22:46:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2012-04-14T18:17:16+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4888,\"commentCount\":3,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Micha\u0142 B\u0105kowski\",\"Tr\u00f3jk\u0105tna konstelacja\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/en\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/staging.wydawnictwopodziemne.com\\\/en\\\/2009\\\/12\\\/31\\\/trzeci-eszelon\\\/\",\"name\":\"Wydawnictwo Podziemne - 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